The Photon Belt - 2012

The photon belt is reportedly a band of intense photon light that is near Earth at this time. A photon is a quantum of light, or the smallest possible packet of light at a given wavelength. It is Emitted by an atom during a transition from one energy state to another. Photons - also called Quantum Light minute energy packet of electromagnetic radiation. The concept Originated (1905) in Einstein's explanation of the photo electric effect, in which he proposed the existence of discrete energy packets during the transmission of light. Earlier (1900), the German Physicist Max Planck had prepared the way for the concept by explaining that heat radiation is absorbed in Emitted and distinct units, or quanta. The concept came into general use after the U.S. Physicist Arthur H. Compton demonstrated (1923) the corpuscular nature of X-rays. The term photon (from Greek phos, photos, "light"), however, was not used until 1926. The energy of a photon depends on frequency radiation, there are photons of all energies from high-energy gamma-and X-rays, visible light through, to low-energy infrared and radio waves. All photons travel at the speed of light. Considered among the subatomic particles, photons are boson, having no electric charge or rest mass and one unit of spin, they are field particles that are thought to be the carriers of the electromagnetic field. As fundamental particles, photons travel at the speed of light and have mass and momentum dependent on their frequencies. By classical reasoning a photon would have the apparent dualistic property of being either a particle or a wave disturbance. That is, such phenomena as interference and diffraction require an interpretation in terms of the wave characteristics of photons, but such phenomena as the Photoelectric Effect require an interpretation in terms of the particle nature of the photon. Quantum mechanics is able to resolve this dilemma by Assigning Probabilistic characteristics to the motions of atoms and photons. The energy associated with an individual photon is quite minute. For instance, a photon in the visible spectrum would contain at energy of approximately 4 X (10 to the power of -19) joules. Thus, a perfectly efficient 100-watt light bulb would emit approximately 2.5 X (10 to the power of 20) photons per second. Light is electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range extending from about 0.4 micron to about 0.7 micron, or, perhaps more properly, the visual response to electromagnetic radiation in this range. By extension, the term is frequently applied to adjacent wavelength ranges that the eye can not detect: Ultarviolet light, infrared light, and black light. In addition to wavelength, frequency, in hertz, and wavenumber in inverse units of length, are also used to specify and Designate the character and quality of the radiation. Associated with wavelength or frequency is the visual response of Color. The term monochromatic is applied to the idealized situation in which the light in a beam is all of one wavelength. Light is characterized not only by wavelength, essentially a temporal quality, but also by state and degree of polarization, a geometric or directional quality, and by intensity, essentially a physical quality. The visual intensity is a response to brightness. In the human visual system, at least, there is no counterpart response, to the state and degree of polarization, but ample evidence exists that certain arthropods - bees in particular - are sensitive to the state of polarization of sky light. There is some Speculation that certain Migrating birds may also respond to this quality of light. Light is further characterized by its degree of coherence. Coherence, closely related to the degree of polarization and to the degree of monochromaticity, refers to the ability of a beam of light to interferewith itself. Coherence is also in interferometric property of light. By the use of a Michelson interferometer, most light sources can be made to produce interference Fringes. These are clear when the length of the two arms of the interferometer are equal. As one arm is lengthened, however, the contrast of the Fringe is seen to decrease until they are no longer visible. Unfiltered light from Incandescent source wants to produce barely Fringes under any circumstances. Light from a mercury arc lamp to produce Fringes over a range of one or two centimeters. On the other hand, light from a continuous-wave laser gas has produced Fringes at a distance of over 100 meters. Therefore, light can be characterized by its degree of coherence or coherence length. Light is a transport of energy. It can be regarded both as a particulate flow and as a wave phenomenon. These two apparently diametrically opposed views have been brought together into a theory that combines the best features of each. The particulate unit is the photon, which has associated with it a central wavelength or frequency that determines (or is determined by) the amount of energy it contains. In a so-called monochromatic beam, the photons are all of the same energy and therefore have the same frequency. They can be made to Interfer, which indicates a high degree of coherence as well as a more or less uniform state of polarization. If the distribution of energy in the photons is more random, however, the beam will be less coherent and will have a lower degree of polarization. It is also convenient to think of light as propagating as Wavefront. These waves, like the crest of an ocean wave, are surfaces on which the phase relationship is constant. Unlike in ocean wave, a wavefront or surface of constant phase is unobservable and undetectable. Light may be considered as energy being transported in a train of Wavefront. The direction of propagation (except for anisotropic media) is in a direction perpendicular to the wavefront. Rays can be Conceived as Trajectories of photons. Light Production Light - like any other electromagnetic radiation, results from either of accelerating electric charge or a nuclear fusion or fission reaction. In nuclear reactions, a photon is created in the same manner as other elemental partial products of the reaction. With the exception of sunlight and starlight, however, light is usually the result of changes in the electronic structure of atoms and molecules as they Recently readmit and energy. The Incandescent electric light has as its light source the heat that results from the ohmic resistance of the filament to the electric current. A red-hot poker Recently heat directly from the fire resulting from the liberation of chemical energy. As the material in the filament or poker heats up, the atoms and molecules gain kinetic energy, which is realized by an increase in the number of collisions among the particles. Boiling off of some of the material is one mechanism that can be used to maintain equilibrium in temperature. Another mechanism is for the Electrons associated with the various atoms in the metal to move to higher energy levels. When they drop back to lower energy levels they emit a photon, keeping the temperature of the material more or less constant despite the fact that energy is continually supplied. The excess energy is as Emitted light. Another type of light source is energized plasma such as a gas flame or in a discharge tube such as a neon bulb. Although light is produced by a mechanism similar to thermal emission, the atoms are in a gaseous phase, and less random. The energy levels reached by the Electrons depend more on the electronic structure of atoms themselves, and therefore the Emitted photons tend to be clustered around specific wavelengths. The spectrum produced by such a source is not at all continuous but consists of lines or bands that are characteristic of the atoms or molecules in the gas. Highly monochromatic light can be obtained from this type of source, particularly if the light is filtered. The light has a much longer coherence length but is generally unpolarized. Another type of source is the laser. Two principles are involved in laser surgery. First, the lasing material is composed of atoms, or mixtures of atoms, that have a peculiar energy level structure. Recently energy as they, their Electrons move up to higher energy levels, tending to accumulate at certain metastable levels. This is called population inversion. There they remain until stimulated by a photon of the proper frequency. Then the Electrons drop to a lower energy level, emitting a photon of the same frequency and traveling in the same direction as the incident, stimulating photon. Because a single photon may stimulates the release of a large number of additional photons, the total number of photons is increased, thus increasing the intensity of the light within the medium. The process is referred to as gain. The second principle is the geometry of the laser itself. The laser can be regarded as a hollow tube, much like an organ pipe, which is tuned to the wavelength of the Emitted photons. The process can be visualized as a wavefront being reflected back and forth between the two ends of the laser, picking up more photons with each reflection. The portion of the light that is permitted to escape from the cavity is highly monochromatic, with a long coherence length. In some circumstances the laser output is highly Polarized. The historical development of a theory of light, at least from the 17th century on, involved two apparently contradictory descriptions. One concept was the corpuscular theory, which envisioned light as a stream, or flow of small particles. René Descartes modified this concept. He viewed as a light more pressure than as a flow - not as motion but as a tendency to motion. And since light was not motion it was not limited by a finite velocity. In other words, a beam of light required no time of transit. Pierre Fermat held a different view. He believed not only that light propagated at a finite velocity, but also that its particles or rays described Trajectories. Christiaan Huygens on the other hand, what a believer that light was a wave phenomenon. Light propagated at a finite velocity in the form of a moving disturbance, just as a water wave moves as a ripple on a smooth pond. As a ray of light passes across a surface from one medium to another (for example, from air to glass), its direction is changed - a phenomenon known as Refraction. The Law of Refraction, first discovered empirically by Willebrord Snell, then subsequently formally derived by Descartes and Fermat, states that sin r = K sin i, where i is called the angle of incidence, the angle between the incident ray and the normal (perpendicular ) To the refracting surface. The angle of Refraction, r, is the angle between the refracted ray and the surface normal. Fermat and Descartes agreed on the form of Refraction law, but they disagreed violently on the meaning of the constant K. K Fermat saw as being proportional to the reciprocal of the velocity of propagation. Descartes, even though he believed that the velocity of propagation which is infinite, concluded, on a different level of logic, that what K proportional to a velocity. The distinction is important because whether light speeds up or slows down as it passes into a dense medium determines the meaning of K. Two opposing points of view evolved. Descartes and Fermat were both proponents of a corpuscular theory; Huygens believed in a wave theory. He also obtained a proof of the Refraction law in terms of the existence of Wavefront, a construction now called Huygens's principle. If light is a wave phenomenon, then a medium is required. Sound waves travel through the air but not through a vacuum; ripples require a Watery medium. At first it was thought that air would be the medium that would support the propagation of light. The simple experiment of light shining through an evacuated jar, however, showed clearly that this theory was not correct. Theorist chose to hypothesize the existence of a medium called the ether. Experimental evidence to support the wave theory of light was particularly strong. Diffraction, the ability of light to bend around a sharp edge, certainly gave credence to the idea that light was a form of wave motion. Further support came with the discovery of polarization, which indicated that the undulation of a light wave were transverse to the direction of propagation and were not longitudinal, as were sound and water waves. Thus, if light was to be a wave phenomenon, the ether was required, and if so, then certain effects should be observed when a massive body passed through the ether. To detect such effects, telescope tubes were filled with water to determine the effect on starlight. No effect was observed. Experiments to detect ether to "drag" thus failed. On the other hand, James Bradley discovered stellar aberration in 1729 when he found that he had to aim his telescope a little in the direction of the Earth's motion ahead of the theoretical position of a star. This effect could be compared to a person in a Rainstorm Tilting his umbrella a little in front of him as he walks into the rain. Bradley's discovery supported a corpuscular theory, or at least it did not support the idea of an ether drag. But, it was postulated, if ether exists, then another observable phenomenon, ether 'drift' must therefore exist. If both the Earth and light are moving through the ether, then the velocity of light observed on the Earth would depend on the direction of observation. The ether was regarded as stationary, the Earth and other planets, the Sun and the stars, and light moved through it. By measuring the apparent velocity of light in various directions, one could determine the absolute velocity and direction of motion of the Earth. In the late 19th century AA Michelson and EW Morley (1838-1923) attempted to measure the absolute motion of the Earth through the ether. No. ether drift was observed. The conclusion was the Inconceivable notion that the velocity of light was constant and independent of the motion of the observer. This paradox led to Einstein's special theory of relativity, a cosmo logical theory of major significance.
The photon belt is reportedly a band of intense photon of light, the Near Earth at this time.

A photon is a quantum of light, or the smallest possible package of light at a particular wavelength. It is emitted from an atom in a transition from one energy state to another.

Photons - also known as Quantum Light Energy-minute package of Electromagnetic Radiation. The concept was born (1905) in Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect, in which he suggested the existence of discrete packets of energy during the transmission of light. Earlier (1900), the German physicist Max Planck had prepared the way for the concept to explain that the thermal radiation emitted and absorbed in different units, or Quanta.

The concept came into general use after the U.S. physicist Arthur H. Compton demonstrated (1923) the corpuscular kind of X-rays. The concept of photons (from the Greek Phos, photos, "light"), but was not used until 1926. The energy of a photon depends on the radiation spectrum, there are all the photons from high-energy gamma and X-rays, visible light through to the energy-infrared and radio waves. All photons travel at the speed of light. As the subatomic particles, photons are bosons, with no electrical charge or residual mass and spin of a device, they are field particles, which, attended by the makers of the electromagnetic field.

How fundamental particles, photons travel at the speed of light and have mass and momentum depends on its frequency. With the classic argument of a photon could have the apparent two-tier ownership for either a particle or a wave of disturbances. That means that phenomena such as diffraction and interference require an interpretation in terms of the wave characteristics of photons, but such phenomena as the photoelectric effect requiring an interpretation in terms of the particle nature of the photon. Quantum mechanics is able to solve this dilemma by probabilistic characteristics to the movements of atoms and photons.

The energy associated with a single photon is quite minute. For example, a photon in the visible spectrum would be an energy of about 4 X (10 to the power of -19) joule. Thus a perfectly efficient 100-watt light bulb would emit about 2.5 X (10 to the power of 20) photons per second.

Light is electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range extending from about 0.4 micrometers to about 0.7 micrometers, or, perhaps better, the visual response to the electromagnetic radiation in this area. By extension, the term is often bordering on the wavelength range that the eye can not detect: Ultarviolet light, infrared light, light and black. In addition to the wavelength, frequency, in hertz, and wave range, in inverse units of length, are also used to designate and the character and quality of radiation. In connection with the wavelength or frequency is the visual response of color. The term monochromatic is the idealized situation where the light into a beam is all a wavelength.

Light is characterized not only by the wavelength, which is essentially a temporal quality, but also by state and degree of polarization, a geometric or directional quality, and the intensity, which is essentially a physical quality. The visual response to the intensity of brightness. In the human visual system, at least there is no answer counterpart, the State and the degree of polarization, but there is sufficient evidence that certain arthropods - bees in particular - are sensitive to the state of polarization of the sky light. There is some speculation that some migratory birds May also a response to this quality of light.

Light is further characterized by its degree of coherence. Coherence, in close connection with the degree of polarization and the degree of monochromaticity, refers to the ability of a light beam to interferewith itself. Coherence interferometry is therefore a property of light. By using a Michelson interferometer, most light sources can be to interference fringes. This is clearest when the length of the two arms of the interferometer are equal.

As an arm is extended, however, the contrast of the fringes is seen to decrease until they are no longer visible. Unfiltered light from a single source is hardly produce fringes under any circumstances. Light from a mercury arc lamp is the edge over a range of one or two centimeters. On the other hand, light from a continuous wave laser-gas has the edge at a distance of over 100 meters. Therefore, light can be characterized by its degree of coherence or consistency in length.

Light is a transport of energy. It can be regarded both as a particle flow and as a wave phenomenon. These two apparently diametrically opposed views were together in a theory that combines the best features of each. The particulate unit is the photon, in connection with a central frequency or wavelength determined that (or through) the amount of energy it contains. In a so-called Black-White-beam, the photons are all the same energy and therefore have the same frequency. It can disturb, which indicates a high degree of coherence and a more or less uniform state of polarization. If the distribution of energy in the photons is more coincidental, but the beam is less coherent and have a lower degree of polarization.

It is also convenient to think of light as propagating a wavefront. These waves, like the hood of an ocean wave, are areas where the phase relationship is stable. Unlike an ocean wave, a wavefront or surface constant and unobservable phase is not detectable. Light May as energy being transported in a train from Wavefront. The direction of propagation (with the exception of anisotropic media) is in a direction perpendicular to the wave front. Radiation can be used as trajectories of the photons.

LightLight Production - like any other electromagnetic radiation, which results from either an accelerating electric charge or a fusion or fission reaction. In the context of nuclear reactions, a photon is in the same manner as the other elementary partly products of the reaction. With the exception of sunlight and Starlight However, in light of the rule is the result of changes in the electronic structure of atoms and molecules, as they absorb energy.

The incandescent electric light, as the heat source, resulting from the ohmic resistance of the filament to electricity. A red-hot poker directly absorbs heat from the fire resulting from the liberation of chemical energy. Since the material in the filament or poker heats up, the atoms and molecules gain kinetic energy generated by an increase in the number of collisions between particles. Boiling from some of the material is a mechanism that can be used to balance temperature. Another mechanism is for the electrons in connection with the various atoms in the metal to a higher energy levels. If they drop back to lower energy levels they emit a photon, keep the temperature of the material more or less constant, despite the fact that energy prices are constantly delivered. The excess energy is emitted as light.

Another type of light source is activated plasma as a gas flame or in a discharge tube like a neon lamp. Although light is through a mechanism similar thermal emission, which are atoms in a gaseous phase, and less random. The energy levels achieved by the electrons depend more on the electronic structure of atoms themselves, and therefore the emitted photons are usually around specific wavelengths.

The spectrum from such a source is not at all continuous but consists of lines or bands that are characteristic of the atoms or molecules in the gas. Very black-and-white light can take this kind of source, particularly if the light filtered. The light has a much longer coherence length, but is usually unpolarized.

Another kind of source is the LASER. Two principles are in laser surgery. First, the laser material consists of atoms, or mixtures of atoms, which have a special energy structure. As they absorb energy, its electrons move to higher energy levels, the tendency to certain metastable levels. This is called population inversion.

There they remain until stimulated by a photon of the proper frequency. Then the electrons drop to a lower energy level, emitting a photon of the same frequency and traveling in the same direction as the event photon excitation. Since a single photon May stimulate the release of a large number of additional photons, the total number of photons increased, thus increasing the intensity of light in the media. The process is known as profit.

The second principle is the geometry of the laser itself. The laser can be regarded as a hollow tube, like a pipe organ, which voted at a wavelength of the emitted photons. The process can be visualized as a wave front is also back and forth between the two ends of the laser, picking more photons with each reflection. The proportion of light is allowed to escape from the cavity is monochromatic, with a long coherence length. In some cases, the laser power is highly polarized.

The historical development of a theory of light, at least from the 17th Century, the two seemingly contradictory descriptions. A concept was the corpuscular theory, the planned light as a stream or flow of small particles.

René Descartes this concept changed. He viewed more than a light pressure than flow - not as a movement, but as a tendency to move. And there was no easy motion, it was not only a finite speed. In other words, a light beam does not need any time of transit.

Pierre Fermat a different view. He believed not only that increased light at a finite speed, but also that its particles or rays described trajectories. Christiaan Huygens, on the other hand, was a firm believer that light is a wave phenomenon. Light propagated at a finite speed in the form of a moving disturbance, like a water wave moves as a ripple on a smooth pond.

Like a ray of light passes over a surface of one medium to another (eg from air to glass), the direction is changed - a phenomenon known as refraction. The law of refraction, discovered by initial empirical Willebrord Snell, then formally derived from Descartes and Fermat, states that sin r = K sin i, where i is the angle of incidence, the angle between the incident ray and the normal (perpendicular ) At the groundbreaking surface. The angle of refraction, r, is the angle between the ray and broke the surface normal.

Fermat and Descartes on the shape of the refraction law, but they disagreed strongly about the importance of the constants K K. Fermat saw as proportional to the reciprocal of the speed of propagation. Descartes, although he believes that the speed of propagation was infinite, concluded on a different level of logic that K was proportional to the speed. The distinction is important because if light accelerated or slowed as it goes into a denser medium determines the meaning of K.

Two opposing positions. Descartes and Fermat were both supporters of a corpuscular theory; Huygens believed in a wave theory. He has also received evidence of the refraction law in relation to the existence of Wavefront, a construction today Huygens principle.

When light is a wave phenomenon, then a medium is required. Sound waves travel through the air, but not by a vacuum; waves require an aqueous medium. At first it was thought that air would be the medium that would contain the spread of light. The simple experiment of shining light through a glass evacuated, but clearly shown that this theory was not correct. Theorists have chosen hypothesize the existence of a medium called ether.

Experimental evidence to support the wave theory of light was particularly strong. Diffraction, the ability to bend light around a sharp edge, certainly had faith in the idea that light is a form of wave motion. Further support came with the discovery of polarization, which showed that the waves of a light wave were perpendicular to the direction of propagation and were not longitudinal, as well as sound and water waves.

So if light was a wave phenomenon, the ether was required, and if so, then certain effects should be observed when a massive body through the airwaves. To determine such effects, telescopic pipes were filled with water to determine the impact on the Starlight. No effect was observed. Attempts to ether "drag" not.

On the other hand, James Bradley discovered stellar aberration in 1729, when he found that he had to aim his telescope a little in the direction of the movement of the earth from the theoretical position of a star. This effect could be compared to a person in the rain tipping its umbrella a little before him, as he walks in the rain. Bradley's discovery supports a corpuscular theory, or at least not the support the Æther idea of a drag.

But it has been postulated, if ether is present, then another phenomenon to watch, ether "drift" is also available. If both the earth and light moving through the airwaves, then the speed of light observed on Earth would depend on the direction of observation. The ether was stationary, the Earth and other planets, the sun and the stars, light and pulled it through. By measuring the apparent speed of light in different directions, it could be the absolute speed and direction of movement of the earth.

In the late 19th Century AA Michelson and EW Morley (1838-1923) tried to ensure the absolute movement of the earth through the ether. No ether drift observed. The conclusion was inconceivable that the speed of light was constant and independent of the movement of the beholder. This paradox has led to Einstein's special theory of relativity, a cosmological theory is of great importance.